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Given an n × n square matrix A of real or complex numbers, an eigenvalue λ and its associated generalized eigenvector v are a pair obeying the relation [1] =,where v is a nonzero n × 1 column vector, I is the n × n identity matrix, k is a positive integer, and both λ and v are allowed to be complex even when A is real.l When k = 1, the vector is called simply an eigenvector, and the pair ...
hide. In linear algebra, eigendecomposition is the factorization of a matrix into a canonical form, whereby the matrix is represented in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Only diagonalizable matrices can be factorized in this way. When the matrix being factorized is a normal or real symmetric matrix, the decomposition is called ...
Let = be an positive matrix: > for ,.Then the following statements hold. There is a positive real number r, called the Perron root or the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue (also called the leading eigenvalue, principal eigenvalue or dominant eigenvalue), such that r is an eigenvalue of A and any other eigenvalue λ (possibly complex) in absolute value is strictly smaller than r, |λ| < r.
The eigenvalue and eigenvector problem can also be defined for row vectors that left multiply matrix . In this formulation, the defining equation is. where is a scalar and is a matrix. Any row vector satisfying this equation is called a left eigenvector of and is its associated eigenvalue.
The lambdas are the eigenvalues of the matrix; they need not be distinct. In linear algebra, a Jordan normal form, also known as a Jordan canonical form, [1][2] is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called a Jordan matrix representing a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space with respect to some basis.
Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm. In numerical linear algebra, the Jacobi eigenvalue algorithm is an iterative method for the calculation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix (a process known as diagonalization). It is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, who first proposed the method in 1846, [1] but only became widely ...
A matrix satisfying only the first of the conditions given above, namely + =, is known as a generalized inverse. If the matrix also satisfies the second condition, namely + + = +, it is called a generalized reflexive inverse. Generalized inverses always exist but are not in general unique.
Invariants of tensors. In mathematics, in the fields of multilinear algebra and representation theory, the principal invariants of the second rank tensor are the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial [1] , where is the identity operator and are the roots of the polynomial and the eigenvalues of . More broadly,any scalar-valued function ...