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These T cells that join the fight are called effector cells. When your immune system is working properly, these effector T cells destroy the threat, helping rid you of infection and disease. Your T cells continue to protect you even after the intruder’s gone.
All T-cell effector functions involve the interaction of an armed effector T cell with a target cell displaying specific antigen. The effector proteins released by these T cells are focused on the appropriate target cell by mechanisms that are activated by recognition of antigen on the target cell.
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets.
Two broad classes of T cells that have distinct effector mechanisms are delineated by the expression of either the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor: CD4 + T cells detect antigen in the context of...
Effector T cells are the key players in steering the immune responses to execute immune functions. While effector T cells were initially identified to be immune promoting, recent studies unraveled negative regulatory functions of effector T cells in modulating adaptive as well as innate immunity.
CD8 T cells play crucial roles in immune surveillance and defense against infections and cancer. After encountering antigenic stimulation, naïve CD8 T cells differentiate and acquire effector...
Collectively, an (over)simplified model of T cell differentiation emerges, with IL-2, IL-12, T-bet, and Blimp-1 driving the production of effector cells during the early phases of the immune response and IL-21, Eomes, and Bcl-6 favoring the development of longer-lived memory cells.
The role of antigen-presenting cells is to respond to the nature of the immune challenge and signal differentiation of CD4(+) T cells. A number of factors are involved in the effector phenotype of T cells-nature and affinity of antigen, co-receptors signals, and cytokine environment.
In parallel to their clonal expansion, the T cells become larger and differentiate into different types of effector T H cells when carrying a CD4 coreceptor (Sect. 19.3) or into cytotoxic T cells when being CD8 + (Sect. 19.4). Both types of effector T cells mediate cellular immunity.
These surface receptors are adapted to recognize antigen in two different ways: B cells recognize antigen that is present outside the cells of the body, where, for example, most bacteria are found; T cells, by contrast, can detect antigens generated inside infected cells, for example those due to viruses. Figure 1.23.