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2. Cast iron pipe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe

   Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s. Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres (graphite ...

3. Sanitary sewer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer

   Vertical pipes, usually made of precast concrete, called manholes, connect the mains to the surface. Depending upon site application and use, these vertical pipes can be cylindrical, eccentric, or concentric. The manholes are used for access to the sewer pipes for inspection and maintenance, and as a means to vent sewer gases.

4. Drain-waste-vent system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system

   A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere.When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air ahead of it in the system, creating a positive pressure that must be released so it does not push back on the waste stream and downstream traps, slow drainage, and induce potential clogs.

5. Orangeburg pipe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangeburg_pipe

   Orangeburg was a low cost alternative to metal for sewer lines in particular. Lack of strength causes pipes made of Orangeburg to fail more frequently than pipes made with other materials. The useful life for an Orangeburg pipe is about 50 years under ideal conditions, but has been known to fail in as little as 10 years.

6. Piping and plumbing fitting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

   Flexible rubber sleeves are used to connect this cast-iron and copper DWV installation. Cast iron DWV pipe and fittings are still used in premium construction because they muffle the sound of wastewater rushing through them, [21]: 149 but today they are rarely joined with traditional lead joints.

7. Water supply network - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_network

   A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output pressures, maximum pipe flow rate and pipe flow velocities. The cost is a function of pipe diameters; therefore the optimization problem consists of finding a minimum cost solution by optimising ...