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Fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize. It uses distillation to fractionate.
Fractionation at total reflux. The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
Fractionating column. A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distillations.
McCabe–Thiele method. The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [1][2][3] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
Definition. For a liquid mixture of two components (called a binary mixture) at a given temperature and pressure, the relative volatility is defined as. When their liquid concentrations are equal, more volatile components have higher vapor pressures than less volatile components. Thus, a value (= ) for a more volatile component is larger than a ...
Such vapor–liquid equilibrium information is useful in designing columns for distillation, especially fractional distillation, which is a particular specialty of chemical engineers. [1] [2] [3] Distillation is a process used to separate or partially separate components in a mixture by boiling (vaporization) followed by condensation ...
The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [ 1 ] and laboratory [ 2 ] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
Zeotropic mixture. A zeotropic mixture, or non-azeotropic mixture, is a mixture with liquid components that have different boiling points. [1] For example, nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane constitute a zeotropic mixture. [2] Individual substances within the mixture do not evaporate or condense at the same temperature as one ...