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  2. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    The density of states plays an important role in the kinetic theory of solids. The product of the density of states and the probability distribution function is the number of occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium. This value is widely used to investigate various physical properties of matter.

  3. Matter wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave

    Position space probability density of an initially Gaussian state moving in one dimension at minimally uncertain, constant momentum in free space The following year, 1927, C. G. Darwin (grandson of the famous biologist ) explored Schrödinger's equation in several idealized scenarios. [ 20 ]

  4. Probability amplitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_amplitude

    Probability amplitude. A wave function for a single electron on 5d atomic orbital of a hydrogen atom. The solid body shows the places where the electron's probability density is above a certain value (here 0.02 nm −3): this is calculated from the probability amplitude. The hue on the colored surface shows the complex phase of the wave function.

  5. Fermi–Dirac statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi–Dirac_statistics

    Scientists. v. t. e. Fermi–Dirac statistics is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of ...

  6. Statistical mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics

    In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in the fields of physics, biology, [1] chemistry, neuroscience, [2] computer science, [3] [4] information theory [5] and ...

  7. Fundamental thermodynamic relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_thermodynamic...

    The probability density function is proportional to some function of the ensemble parameters and random variables. Thermodynamic state functions are described by ensemble averages of random variables. The entropy as defined by Gibbs entropy formula matches with the entropy as defined in classical thermodynamics.

  8. Bose–Einstein condensate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate

    In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero , i.e., 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which ...

  9. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    This density function is defined as a function of the n variables, such that, for any domain D in the n -dimensional space of the values of the variables X1, ..., Xn, the probability that a realisation of the set variables falls inside the domain D is. If F(x1, ..., xn) = Pr (X1 ≤ x1, ..., Xn ≤ xn) is the cumulative distribution function of ...