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In light infections, symptoms may be mild and can go unrecognized. [26] The most common species to cause intestinal schistosomiasis are S. mansoni and S. japonicum, however, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can also cause this disease. [26] Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain and discomfort [19] Loss of appetite [19]
While none of the main four species of malaria parasite that cause human infections are known to have animal reservoirs, [360] P. knowlesi is known to infect both humans and non-human primates. [52] Other non-human primate malarias (particularly P. cynomolgi and P. simium ) have also been found to have spilled over into humans. [ 361 ]
The fistula can communicate with the mouth (usually causing no symptoms), the paranasal sinuses (giving rhinorrhea) [1] or the facial skin (causing saliva to drain onto the skin). The usual cause is trauma, however salivary fistula can occur as a complication of surgery, or if the duct becomes obstructed with a calculus .
Sometimes a fistula is deliberately surgically created as part of a treatment, for example in the case of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. [6] The treatment for a fistula varies depending on the type, cause, and severity of the fistula, but often involves surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy. In some cases the ...
A fistula involving the bladder can have one of many specific names, describing the specific location of its outlet: Bladder and intestine: "vesicoenteric", "enterovesical", or "vesicointestinal" [1] [2] [3] Bladder and colon: "vesicocolic" or "colovesical" [4] Bladder and rectum: "vesicorectal" or "rectovesical" [5]
A biliary fistula is a type of fistula in which bile flows along an abnormal connection from the bile ducts into a nearby hollow structure. Types of biliary fistula include: bilioenteric fistula: abnormal connection to small bowel, usually duodenum. thoracobiliary fistula: abnormal connection to pleural space or bronchus (rare).
There is an association with recurrent urinary and vaginal infections. The fistula may also connect the rectum and urethra, which is called recto-urethral fistula. Either conditions can lead to labial fusion. This type of fistula can cause pediatricians to misdiagnose imperforate anus. The severity of the symptoms will depend on the size of ...
P. malariae can infect several species of mosquito and can cause malaria in humans. [2] P. malariae can be maintained at very low infection rates among a sparse and mobile population because unlike the other Plasmodium parasites, it can remain in a human host for an extended period of time and still remain infectious to mosquitoes. [8]