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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
A lumpectomy is usually recommended to patients whose cancer has been detected early and who do not have enlarged tumors. Although a lumpectomy is used to allow for most of the breast to remain intact, the procedure may result in adverse affects that can include sensitivity and result in scar tissue, pain, and possible disfiguration of the ...
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. [1] [2] In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer choose to have the operation as a preventive measure. [1]
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. In the early twentieth century, it was primarily treated by surgery, which is when the mastectomy was developed. [1] However, with the advancement of technology and surgical skills in recent years, mastectomies have become less invasive. [2]
Breast-conserving surgery may also be used in cases of biopsy-proven invasive breast cancer or biopsy-proven ductal carcinoma in situ. In the assessment of the tumor, the surgeon should assess the ability to resect the tumor with clear margins while providing a cosmetic result that is acceptable to the patient.
Examples of total parenteral nutrition solutions [40] Substance Normal patient High stress Fluid-restricted Amino acids: 85 g: 128 g: 75 g Dextrose: 250 g: 350 g: 250 g Lipids: 100 g: 100 g: 50 g Na + 150 mEq: 155 mEq: 80 mEq K + 80 mEq: 80 mEq: 40 mEq Ca 2+ 360 mg: 360 mg: 180 mg Mg 2+ 240 mg: 240 mg: 120 mg Acetate: 72 mEq: 226 mEq: 134 mEq ...
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