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The introduction of the transistor is often considered one of the most important inventions in history. [1] [2] Transistors are broadly classified into two categories: bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistor (FET). [3] The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. [4]
The success of transistor radios led to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology in the late 1950s. [28] The transistor radio went on to become the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and ...
The early history of radio is the history of technology that produces and uses radio instruments that use radio waves. Within the timeline of radio, many people contributed theory and inventions in what became radio. Radio development began as "wireless telegraphy". Later radio history increasingly involves matters of broadcasting.
The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. [94] Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive.
The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is due to an effective decrease in the base width because of the widening of the base-collector depletion region, resulting in an increase in the collector current with an increase in the collector voltage. The same type of length modulation in MOSFETs is also commonly referred to as Early effect.
The TR-1 is a superheterodyne receiver [2] [11] with four n-p-n germanium transistors and one diode. It contains a single transistor converter stage, followed by two intermediate-frequency amplifier stages. After detection, a single-transistor stage amplifies the audio frequency. All amplifier stages use common emitter amplifiers. Stages are ...
In analog devices, the floating body effect is known as the kink effect. One countermeasure to floating body effect involves use of fully depleted (FD) devices. The insulator layer in FD devices is significantly thinner than the channel depletion width. The charge and thus also the body potential of the transistors is therefore fixed. [1]
In modern electronics, the vacuum tube has been largely superseded by solid state devices such as the transistor, invented in 1947 and implemented in integrated circuits in 1959, although vacuum tubes remain to this day in such applications as high-powered transmitters, guitar amplifiers and some high fidelity audio equipment. Application images