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The introduction of the transistor is often considered one of the most important inventions in history. [1] [2] Transistors are broadly classified into two categories: bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistor (FET). [3] The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. [4]
Of note is a detailed history (in Chapter 6, "The Fourth Column") of the accidental discovery of the p–n junction by Russell Ohl at Bell Labs in early 1940; this is the key discovery that enabled the whole field of solid-state electronics. The book also contains biographical information of Ohl and other Bell Labs scientists and engineers who ...
The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. [94] Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive.
The common base current gain (or α) of a point-contact transistor is usually around 2 to 3, [4] whereas α of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) cannot exceed 1. The common emitter current gain (or β) of a point-contact transistor does not usually exceed 1, [4] whereas β of a BJT is typically between 20 and 200. Negative differential ...
The Early effect in bipolar junction transistors is due to an effective decrease in the base width because of the widening of the base-collector depletion region, resulting in an increase in the collector current with an increase in the collector voltage. The same type of length modulation in MOSFETs is also commonly referred to as Early effect.
The success of transistor radios led to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology in the late 1950s. [28] The transistor radio went on to become the most popular electronic communication device of the 1960s and 1970s. Billions of transistor radios are estimated to have been sold worldwide between the 1950s and ...