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[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
Lewis’ early papers also reveal an unusually advanced awareness of J. W. Gibbs's and P. Duhem's ideas of free energy and thermodynamic potential. These ideas were well known to physicists and mathematicians, but not to most practical chemists, who regarded them as abstruse and inapplicable to chemical systems.
Reaction of GeF 4 with fluoride sources produces GeF 5 − anions with octahedral coordination around Ge atom due to polymerization. [6] The structural characterization of a discrete trigonal bipyramidal GeF 5 − anion was achieved by a "naked" fluoride reagent 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium fluoride.
Lone pairs (shown as pairs of dots) in the Lewis structure of hydroxide. In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond [1] and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms.
A notable derivative of GeCl 4 is germanium dioxide.In the manufacture of optical fibers, silicon tetrachloride, SiCl 4, and germanium tetrachloride, GeCl 4, are introduced with oxygen into a hollow glass preform, which is carefully heated to allow for oxidation of the reagents to their respective oxides and formation of a glass mixture.
The β-diketiminato germylene hydride reported Roesky et al. crystallizes in the P2 1 /n space group as two isostructural molecules per unit. [2] X-ray crystallographic analysis of the orange-red crystals showed that the germanium atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by the hydrogen atom, the β-diketiminato ligand, and the germanium lone pair.
The most common Lewis bases are anions. The strength of Lewis basicity correlates with the pK a of the parent acid: acids with high pK a 's give good Lewis bases. As usual, a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base. Examples of Lewis bases based on the general definition of electron pair donor include: simple anions, such as H − and F −
The unusual compound Ge 6 Cl 16 has been prepared that contains the Ge 5 Cl 12 unit with a neopentane structure. [49] Germane (GeH 4) is a compound similar in structure to methane. Polygermanes—compounds that are similar to alkanes—with formula Ge n H 2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. [41]