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The process was also influenced by the balance of power between the Ottomans and the neighboring Christian states. [4] However, most Ottoman subjects in Eastern Europe remained Orthodox Christian, such as Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, while present-day Albania, Bosnia and Kosovo had larger Muslim populations as a result of Ottoman ...
The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the Huguenots, some Anglicans, Quakers, Anabaptists or even Jesuits or Capuchins were able to find refuge at Istanbul and in the Ottoman Empire, [12] where they were given right of residence and worship. [13]
A more recent thesis suggests that the rise of the Safavid Empire resulted in a Sunni-Shi'a divide, which threatened the Ottoman aspirations to lead the Muslim community. [2] According to this view, this led to the rise of Sunni orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire as a response to the rise of Qizilbash and Shi'ism amongst Safavids.
Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman law and religious life were defined by the Hanafi madhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). With respect to creed, the Maturidi school was majorly adhered to, dominating madrassahs (Islamic Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology used Ilm al-Kalam to understand the Quran and the hadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and the ...
Christian and Moor playing chess, from The Book of Games of Alfonso X, c. 1285. The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. [1] Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defined people. [2]
The Ottoman sultan, Selim I (1516–20), invaded Syria and Lebanon in 1516. The Ottomans, through the Maans, a great Druze feudal family, and the Shihabs, a Sunni Muslim family that had converted to Christianity, [2] ruled Lebanon until the middle of the nineteenth century. [citation needed]
An example of an early Shia–Sunni fitna shootout occurred in Kurram, one of the tribal agencies of the Northwest Pakistan, where the Pushtun population was split between Sunnis and Shia. In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days.
Since there was virtually no strong rival challenger to the Ottomans (their main Muslim rivals, the Safavids of Iran, were Shia), the Ottoman Caliphate was rarely questioned in the 16th–18th centuries. [15] In the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, various Turkish princes in Central Asia recognized the Ottoman sultans as caliphs. [7]