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A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. [1] Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical ...
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced in 1921 by the United States agronomist Theodore Clinton McIlvaine (1875–1959) from West Virginia University , and it can be prepared in pH 2.2 to 8 by mixing two stock solutions.
A simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. For example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate . The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant , K a of the acid ...
A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. [2] Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions .
There are many different ways to prepare PBS solutions, common ones are Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) [2] and the Cold Spring Harbor protocol. [3] Some formulations of DPBS do not contain potassium and magnesium, while other ones contain calcium and/or magnesium (depending on whether or not the buffer is used on live or fixed tissue: the latter does not require CaCl 2 or MgCl 2).
Good sought to identify buffering compounds which met several criteria likely to be of value in biological research. pK a: Because most biological reactions take place near-neutral pH between 6 and 8, ideal buffers would have pK a values in this region to provide maximum buffering capacity there.
The Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB or PEM) is a "universal" pH buffer used for the pH range from 2 to 12. It has been used historically as an alternative to the McIlvaine buffer , which has a smaller pH range of effectiveness (from 2 to 8).
As the salt of a weak acid and a weak base, ammonium acetate is often used with acetic acid to create a buffer solution.Ammonium acetate is volatile at low pressures. Because of this, it has been used to replace cell buffers that contain non-volatile salts in preparing samples for mass spectrometry. [8]