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Brain development is an after-forward process; from the occipital lobe (visual), to the temporal lobe (sensory, auditory and memory), to the parietal lobe (motor, pain, temperature, and stress), and finally to the frontal lobe (language, reasoning, planning, and emotion). [4] All of these brain regions work together to build up our eyewitness ...
Psychologists have probed the reliability of eyewitness testimony since the beginning of the 20th century. [1] One prominent pioneer was Hugo Münsterberg, whose controversial book On the Witness Stand (1908) demonstrated the fallibility of eyewitness accounts, but met with fierce criticism, particularly in legal circles. [2]
Eyewitness memory is a person's episodic memory for a crime or other witnessed dramatic event. [1] Eyewitness testimony is often relied upon in the judicial system.It can also refer to an individual's memory for a face, where they are required to remember the face of their perpetrator, for example. [2]
Although eyewitness testimony is often assumed to be more reliable than circumstantial evidence, studies have established that individual, separate witness testimony is often flawed. [4] Mistaken eyewitness identification may result from such factors as faulty observation and recollection, or bias, or may involve a witness's knowingly giving ...
No tests of speechreading have yet been developed in a forensic context, that is, to benchmark individual skills in speechreading from a video record, including the production of a reliable transcript. [3] For many years, UK agencies made extensive use of one particular speechreader, whose reports are now not to be used for evidential purposes. [4]
However, any hearsay that is not objected to or thrown out by a judge is considered evidence for a jury. This means that trials contain quite a bit of anecdotal evidence, which is considered as relevant evidence by a jury. Eyewitness testimony (which is a form of anecdotal evidence) is considered the most compelling form of evidence by a jury. [31]
Attempts have been made at a classification of unreliable narrators. William Riggan analysed in a 1981 study four discernible types of unreliable narrators, focusing on the first-person narrator as this is the most common kind of unreliable narration. [6] Riggan provides the following definitions and examples to illustrate his classifications:
Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the American Psychological Association, [4] the Innocence Network, and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. [5]The U.S. Supreme Court [6] delivered its 8–1 decision on January 11, 2012, deciding that judicial examination of eyewitness testimony was required only in the case of police misconduct.