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In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U −1 equals its conjugate transpose U *, that is, if = =, where I is the identity matrix.. In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger ( † ), so the equation above is written
These matrices are traceless, Hermitian, and obey the extra trace orthonormality relation, so they can generate unitary matrix group elements of SU(3) through exponentiation. [1] These properties were chosen by Gell-Mann because they then naturally generalize the Pauli matrices for SU(2) to SU(3), which formed the basis for Gell-Mann's quark ...
The complex Schur decomposition reads as follows: if A is an n × n square matrix with complex entries, then A can be expressed as [1] [2] [3] = for some unitary matrix Q (so that the inverse Q −1 is also the conjugate transpose Q* of Q), and some upper triangular matrix U.
Another way of saying this is that a unitary matrix is the exponential of i times a Hermitian matrix, so that the additive conserved real quantity, the phase, is only well-defined up to an integer multiple of 2π. Only when the unitary symmetry matrix is part of a family that comes arbitrarily close to the identity are the conserved real ...
A set of three 2 × 2 complex Hermitian and unitary matrices. When combined with the I 2 identity matrix, they form an orthogonal basis for the 2 × 2 complex Hermitian matrices. Redheffer matrix: Encodes a Dirichlet convolution. Matrix entries are given by the divisor function; entires of the inverse are given by the Möbius function.
Householder transformations are widely used in numerical linear algebra, for example, to annihilate the entries below the main diagonal of a matrix, [2] to perform QR decompositions and in the first step of the QR algorithm. They are also widely used for transforming to a Hessenberg form.
Decomposition: = where is a unitary matrix of size m-by-m, and is an upper triangular matrix of size m-by-n Uniqueness: In general it is not unique, but if A {\displaystyle A} is of full rank , then there exists a single R {\displaystyle R} that has all positive diagonal elements.
Specifically, the singular value decomposition of an complex matrix is a factorization of the form =, where is an complex unitary matrix, is an rectangular diagonal matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal, is an complex unitary matrix, and is the conjugate transpose of . Such decomposition ...