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Freud, himself, referred to these slips as Fehlleistungen [1] (meaning "faulty functions", [1] "faulty actions" or "misperformances" in German); the Greek term parapraxes (plural of parapraxis; from Greek παρά (para) 'another' and πρᾶξις (praxis) 'action') was the creation of his English translator, as is the form "symptomatic action".
The Signorelli parapraxis represents the first and best known example of a parapraxis and its analysis in Freud's The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.The parapraxis centers on a word-finding problem and the production of substitutes.
His best-known work is probably the book The Parapraxis in the Haizmann Case of Sigmund Freud from 1965. According to H. C. Erik Midelfort, this book is a “devastating demolition of Freud’s interpretation” but he also thinks that Vandendriessche is “careful and respectful” [2] in his argumentation.
Strachey's English translation is criticized by the psychologist Louis Breger, who writes that Strachey translates the word for slips or mistakes as "parapraxis" when the English "blunder" or "faulty action" would have been more appropriate, and uses the Latinisms "id" and "ego" where "it" and "I" would have better captured Freud's language. [16]
Vandendriessche, Gaston 1965: The Parapraxis in the Haizmann Case of Sigmund Freud. Publications Universitaires, Louvain. Vandendriessche, Gaston 1975: La bisexualité dans le cas Haizmann: Un cas de possession démoniaque étudié par Freud. Revue française de Psychanalyse (vol. 39), pp. 999–1012.
Freud saw the same mechanism of condensation at work in phantasies and neurotic symptoms, [5] as well as in parapraxis and jokes: he often cited as an instance Heine's quip about the rich man treating him 'famillionairily'. [6]
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The painting was commissioned by the Brotherhood of St. Jerome in Arezzo for their seat. The work was executed in Cortona and was brought to Arezzo by the painter himself, who was then in his seventies (here, he resided in the Vasari family's house and met the young Giorgio Vasari, his future biographer, who started to practice painting after Signorelli's suggestion).