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Children, or those unable to communicate symptoms verbally, may cry, draw their knees up to their chest, or experience dyspnea (difficult or painful breathing) with paroxysms of pain. In neonates it may present with bilious vomiting and blood stained stools. [4] Fever is not a symptom of intussusception.
It causes increased levels of amniotic fluid during pregnancy (polyhydramnios) and intestinal obstruction in newborn babies. Newborns present with bilious or non-bilous vomiting (depending on where in the duodenum the obstruction is) within the first 24 to 48 hours after birth, typically after their first oral feeding.
The vomiting is often described as non-bile stained ("non bilious") and "projectile vomiting", because it is more forceful than the usual spitting up (gastroesophageal reflux) seen at this age. Some infants present with poor feeding and weight loss but others demonstrate normal weight gain.
The cause of biliary atresia in most infants is not fully understood and it is well possible that a number of factors may play a role, but especially maternal rotavirus infection during pregnancy and subsequent transmission of the virus to the child resulting in infection of the biliary epithelium and subsequent occluding fibrosis may be ...
The cause of the remaining cases is unclear. [1] If otherwise normal parents have one child with the condition, the next child has a 4% risk of being affected. [2] The condition is divided into two main types, short-segment and long-segment, depending on how much of the bowel is affected. [1] Rarely, the small bowel may be affected, as well. [2]
Regardless of cause, volvulus causes symptoms by two mechanisms: [10] Bowel obstruction manifested as abdominal distension and bilious vomiting. Ischemia (loss of blood flow) to the affected portion of intestine. Depending on the location of the volvulus, symptoms may vary.
Unlike typical vomiting, regurgitation is typically described as effortless and unforced. [2] There is seldom nausea preceding the expulsion, and the undigested food lacks the bitter taste and odour of stomach acid and bile. [2] Symptoms can begin to manifest at any point from the ingestion of the meal to two hours thereafter. [3]
Increased pressure in the pancreatic and bile ducts as a result of a primary stricture of the distal bile duct or blockage of the common channel can cause symptoms like jaundice, vomiting, and abdominal pain. This is frequently transient and may be brought on by impaction from a protein plug. [5] [6]