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A messenger of Ali now told Mu'awiya that they did not wish to fight the Syrians without proper warning, [183] to which Mu'awiya responded by fortifying the forces who were guarding the water. [184] Their justification for depriving Iraqis of water was their claim that their enemies were the murderers of Uthman.
Ali and Mu'awiya fought the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in 657 CE and remained enemies until the assassination of Ali in 661, which paved the way for the caliphate of Mu'awiya in the same year. [3] The public cursing of Ali continued after Mu'awiya and was finally abandoned some sixty years later by the pious Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (r. 717–720).
Ali responded by letter that Mu'awiya was welcome to bring his case to Ali's court of justice, asking him to offer any evidence that would incriminate Ali in the murder of Uthman. Ali also challenged Mu'awiya to name any Syrian who would qualify for a council. [31] Ali called a council of Islamic ruling elite which urged him to fight Mu'awiya. [32]
Apart from his war with Ali, he did not deploy his Syrian troops domestically, and often used monetary gifts as a tool to avoid conflict. [137] In Julius Wellhausen's assessment, Mu'awiya was an accomplished diplomat "allowing matters to ripen of themselves, and only now and then assisting their progress". [224]
Those Kharijites at Nahrawan who had been unwilling to fight Ali and had left the battlefield, rebelled against Mu'awiya. Under the leadership of Farwa ibn Nawfal al-Ashja'i of the Banu Murra , some 500 of them attacked Mu'awiya's camp at Nukhayla (a place outside Kufa) where he was taking the Kufans' oath of allegiance .
Other Companions spoke ill of Aysha accusing her of infidelity. They did not spare Zobayr and Mo'awiya, the Prophet's brother-in-law (the Prophet was married to Mo'awiya's sister Om Habiba). Caliph Ali damned Mo'awiya, [Mo'awiya's] right-handed man `Amr ibn al-`Ass, and Abu Musa al-Ash'ari who betrayed him in the Siffin arbitration.
The Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between Hasan ibn Ali and Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) to bring the First Fitna (656–661) to a close. . Under this treaty, Hasan ceded the caliphate to Mu'awiya on the condition that the latter should rule in compliance with the Quran and the sunna, a council should appoint his successor, and Hasan's supporters would receive ...
Appalled by the carnage, Ali sent a message to Muawiya and challenged him to single combat, saying that whoever won should be the Caliph. In Gibbon's words, "Ali generously proposed to save the blood of the Muslims by a single combat; but his trembling rival declined the challenge as a sentence of inevitable death." [24] [25] [26]