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Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. [2] [3] Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type.
Directed differentiation is a bioengineering methodology at the interface of stem cell biology, developmental biology and tissue engineering. [1] It is essentially harnessing the potential of stem cells by constraining their differentiation in vitro toward a specific cell type or tissue of interest. [2]
Human embryonic development or human embryogenesis is the development and formation of the human embryo.It is characterised by the processes of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, [1] is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. [2]
In 2020, such a model was proposed where cell growth and differentiation is that of a cellular automaton with parametrized rules. As the rules' parameters are differentiable, they can be trained with gradient descent, a technique which has been highly optimized in recent years due to its use in machine learning. [32]
Cell differentiation relates specifically to the formation of functional cell types such as nerve, muscle, secretory epithelia, etc. Differentiated cells contain large amounts of specific proteins associated with cell function. Morphogenesis relates to the formation of a three-dimensional shape. It mainly involves the orchestrated movements of ...
And it suggests that humans have those cells at conception. Biologists say that’s a problem because egg cells develop many weeks later, and sperm cells are produced at puberty, not at conception. “At that stage, sexual differentiation has not started to take place,” said Carl Bergstrom, a University of Washington evolutionary biologist.
Newer cell fate determination techniques include lineage tracing performed using inducible Cre-lox transgenic mice, where specific cell populations can be experimentally mapped using reporters like brainbow, a colorful reporter that is useful in the brain and other tissues to follow the differentiation path of a cell. [15]