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Gen. 1:9 And God said, "Let the waters be collected". Letters in black, pointing in red, cantillation in blue [1] Hebrew orthography includes three types of diacritics: . Niqqud in Hebrew is the way to indicate vowels, which are omitted in modern orthography, using a set of ancillary glyphs.
In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud (Hebrew: נִקּוּד, Modern: nikúd, Tiberian: niqqūḏ, "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew: נְקֻדּוֹת, Modern: nekudót, Tiberian: nəquddōṯ, "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
ISO 259-3 is Uzzi Ornan's romanization, which reached the stage of an ISO Final Draft [3] but not of a published International Standard (IS). [4] It is designed to deliver the common structure of the Hebrew word throughout the different dialects or pronunciation styles of Hebrew, in a way that it can be reconstructed into the original Hebrew characters by both man and machine.
Example of Palestinian vocalization: Geniza fragment (Bod. Ms Heb. e. 30, fol. 48b) with Isaiah 7:11-9:8 in shorthand script (serugin)The Palestinian vocalization, Palestinian pointing, Palestinian niqqud or Vocalization of the Land of Israel (Hebrew: נִקּוּד אֶרֶץ־יִשְׂרְאֵלִי, romanized: niqqūḏ ʾereṣ-Yiśrəʾēli) is an extinct system of niqqud devised by ...
Examples of Samaritan vocalization for the words ויאמר and עבדים in the Samaritan script. The Samaritan vocalization (or Samaritan pointing, Samaritan niqqud, Hebrew: ניקוד שומרוני) is a system of diacritics used with the Samaritan script to indicate vowel quality and gemination which reflects Samaritan Hebrew.
When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש ), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ב bet, כ kaf, and פ pe, and does not affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows:
An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-31-5. Yahalom, Joseph (1997). Palestinian Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-0-521-58399-2. Yardeni, Ada (1997). The Book of Hebrew Script. Jerusalem: Carta. ISBN 965-220-369-6. Yeivin ...
The mappiq (מַפִּיק mapík; also mapiq, mapik, mappik, lit. "causing to go out") is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It is part of the Masoretes' system of niqqud (vowel points), and was added to Hebrew orthography at the same time. It takes the form of a dot in the middle of a letter (usually ה , he).