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In birds, some temperature control occurs in the respiratory system. [16] Water vapor heats cool air during inhalation in the trachea, and increases its humidity. [16] The resulting evaporative water loss varies greatly and depends on several factors including air sac pressure and the subsequent rate of air flow through the trachea.
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), also known as turkey rhinotracheitis or swollen head syndrome, [2] causes a variety of disease syndromes in birds, depending on the bird species and virus type (A, B, C or D). [3] First detected in 1978 in South Africa, the virus has spread all over the world except Australia. [4]
Bird fancier's lung (BFL), also known as bird breeder's lung, is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.It can cause shortness of breath, fever, dry cough, chest pain, anorexia and weight loss, fatigue, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (the most serious complication).
The respiratory system of birds differs significantly from that found in mammals. Birds have relatively small lungs that are rigid and not contractile like those of mammals, in which lungs expand and contract during the breathing cycle. Another critical difference is the absence of so-called air sacs in mammals.
Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight.Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly.
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens.The disease is caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus (Coronaviridae, Orthocoronavirinae, genus Gammacoronavirus, subgenus Igacovirus), [1] and characterized by respiratory signs including gasping, coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, and nasal discharge.
Avian coronavirus is a species of virus from the genus Gammacoronavirus that infects birds; since 2018, all gammacoronaviruses which infect birds have been classified as this single species. [3] The strain of avian coronavirus previously known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the only coronavirus that infects chickens. [ 3 ]
Ibis (formerly The Ibis), subtitled the International Journal of Avian Science, is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the British Ornithologists' Union. It was established in 1859. [ 1 ] Topics covered include ecology , conservation, behaviour, palaeontology , and taxonomy of birds.