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A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variable (PV) to equal the value of a desired set-point (SP).
Note that a 4-wire instrument has a power-supply input separate from the current loop. Panel mount displays and chart recorders are commonly termed "indicator devices" or "process monitors". Several passive indicator devices may be connected in series, but a loop must have only one transmitter device and only one power source (active device).
Instrumentation controls the operation of process columns Instrumentation is used to monitor and control the process plant in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Instrumentation ensures that the plant operates within defined parameters to produce materials of consistent quality and within the required specifications.
Stack light in automated production for in-line quality inspection. Stack lights (also known as signal tower lights, indicator lights, andon lights, warning lights, industrial signal lights, or tower lights) are commonly used on equipment in industrial manufacturing and process control environments to provide visual and audible indicators of a machine's status to machine operators, technicians ...
The HART Communication Protocol (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) is a hybrid analog+digital industrial automation open protocol. Its most notable advantage is that it can communicate over legacy 4–20 mA analog instrumentation current loops, sharing the pair of wires used by the analog-only host systems.
Neither open loop control nor teleoperator systems require the sophistication of a mathematical model of the physical system or plant being controlled. Control based on operator input without integral processing and interpretation through a mathematical model of the system is a teleoperator system and is not considered feedforward control.
Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop.
The "P" (proportional) gain, is then increased (from zero) until it reaches the ultimate gain, at which the output of the control loop has stable and consistent oscillations. K u {\displaystyle K_{u}} and the oscillation period T u {\displaystyle T_{u}} are then used to set the P, I, and D gains depending on the type of controller used and ...