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[10] [11] [12]: 453 Quantum entanglement has been demonstrated experimentally with photons, [13] [14] electrons, [15] [16] top quarks, [17] molecules [18] and even small diamonds. [19] The use of quantum entanglement in communication and computation is an active area of research and development.
The term entanglement swapping was coined by physicists Marek Żukowski, Anton Zeilinger, Michael A. Horne, and Artur K. Ekert in their 1993 paper. They refined the concept to show one can extend entanglement from one particle pair to another using a method called Bell state measurement. [12]
Alain Aspect (French: ⓘ; born 15 June 1947 [3]) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement. [4] [5] [6] [7]Aspect was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".
In 1975, since a decisive experiment based on the violation of Bell's inequalities and verifying the veracity of quantum entanglement was still missing, Alain Aspect proposed in an article, an experiment meticulous enough to be irrefutable. [11] [12] Alain Aspect specified his experiment so that it would be as decisive as possible. Namely:
The first such result was introduced by Bell in 1964, building upon the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, which had called attention to the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. Bell deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon ...
In quantum information and quantum computation, an entanglement monotone or entanglement measure is a function that quantifies the amount of entanglement present in a quantum state. Any entanglement monotone is a nonnegative function whose value does not increase under local operations and classical communication. [1] [2]
Quantum entanglement can be defined only within the formalism of quantum mechanics, i.e., it is a model-dependent property. In contrast, nonlocality refers to the impossibility of a description of observed statistics in terms of a local hidden variable model, so it is independent of the physical model used to describe the experiment.
Barbara Terhal was born in Leiden in 1969. [2] Already in her early school days, she enjoyed mathematics, physics and solving puzzles. [3]Terhal completed her PhD Cum Laude on "Quantum Algorithms and Quantum Entanglement" [4] at the University of Amsterdam in 1999, making her the first person to receive a PhD in quantum computing in the Netherlands. [5]