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  2. Ring network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_network

    A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node – a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet.

  3. Token Ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ring

    Token Ring is a physical and data link layer computer networking technology used to build local area networks. It was introduced by IBM in 1984, and standardized in 1989 as IEEE 802.5. It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that is passed around a logical ring of workstations or servers.

  4. Topological ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_ring

    The group of units of a topological ring is a topological group when endowed with the topology coming from the embedding of into the product as (,). However, if the unit group is endowed with the subspace topology as a subspace of , it may not be a topological group, because inversion on need not be continuous with respect to the subspace topology.

  5. Ethernet Ring Protection Switching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_Ring_Protection...

    A ring link is bounded by two adjacent Ethernet Ring Nodes, and a port for a ring link is called a ring port. The minimum number of Ethernet Ring Nodes in an Ethernet Ring is three. [1] The fundamentals of this ring protection switching architecture are: The principle of loop avoidance.

  6. Cohomology ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomology_ring

    In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the cohomology ring of a topological space X is a ring formed from the cohomology groups of X together with the cup product serving as the ring multiplication. Here 'cohomology' is usually understood as singular cohomology, but the ring structure is also present in other theories such as de Rham ...

  7. Highly structured ring spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_structured_ring...

    In mathematics, a highly structured ring spectrum or -ring is an object in homotopy theory encoding a refinement of a multiplicative structure on a cohomology theory. A commutative version of an A ∞ {\displaystyle A_{\infty }} -ring is called an E ∞ {\displaystyle E_{\infty }} -ring.

  8. Ring theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory

    Ring theory studies the structure of rings; their representations, or, in different language, modules; special classes of rings (group rings, division rings, universal enveloping algebras); related structures like rngs; as well as an array of properties that prove to be of interest both within the theory itself and for its applications, such as ...

  9. Spectrum of a ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_of_a_ring

    The prime spectrum of a Boolean ring (e.g., a power set ring) is a compact totally disconnected Hausdorff space (that is, a Stone space). [4] (M. Hochster) A topological space is homeomorphic to the prime spectrum of a commutative ring (i.e., a spectral space) if and only if it is compact, quasi-separated and sober. [5]