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In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value. [1] [2] [3] The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958, [4] but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry ...
Under U.S. Federal income tax law, a net operating loss (NOL) occurs when certain tax-deductible expenses exceed taxable revenues for a taxable year. [1] If a taxpayer is taxed during profitable periods without receiving any tax relief (e.g., a refund) during periods of NOLs, an unbalanced tax burden results. [2]
Nominal loss (billion) USD FX rate at period end [36] USD equivalent loss (billion) USD inflation to June 2011 [37] USD real loss (billion) 1: American International Group (AIG) Insurance Financial services United States: 2008: 4Q: 31 December 2008: $61.66 [66] 1: $61.66: 7.37%: $66.2 2: Fannie Mae: Government-sponsored enterprise Public ...
Other examples of zero-sum games in daily life include games like poker, chess, sport and bridge where one person gains and another person loses, which results in a zero-net benefit for every player. [3] In the markets and financial instruments, futures contracts and options are zero-sum games as well. [4]
The company also said problems with the 787 will add $2 billion in unusual production costs, double the earlier projection. ... Boeing is reporting a $4.16 billion loss for the fourth quarter as ...
Transformation problem: The transformation problem is the problem specific to Marxist economics, and not to economics in general, of finding a general rule by which to transform the values of commodities based on socially necessary labour time into the competitive prices of the marketplace. The essential difficulty is how to reconcile profit in ...
For example, if you have a $20,000 loss and a $16,000 gain, you can claim the maximum deduction of $3,000 on this year’s taxes, and the remaining $1,000 loss in a future year. Again, for any ...
In actuality, celebrated SoCal engineer William Mulholland built the St. Francis Dam that failed in 1928, resulting in the “largest single loss of life in California history,” according to ...