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Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
Opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone and methadone should not be taken while pregnant. Opioid use during pregnancy may cause adverse outcomes for the women and unborn child. [ 11 ] Women who use opioids during pregnancy in a non-medical fashion are at a higher risk for premature birth, lower birth weight, still birth, specific birth ...
Premature babies with NAS tend to recover at a much faster rate than a full term baby would. [4] Both neonatal and maternal factors such as gestational age (length of pregnancy starting from the first day of the last mentrual period), maternal substance use, genetics, and gender play a role in the symptoms expressed by the neonate. [9]
In 2017 the death rate increased by more than 100% with 368 overdose-related deaths in British Columbia between January and April 2017. [92] Illegal fentanyl flow to the US from various regions in 2019. Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin as well as illicitly manufactured opioids and benzodiazepines.
Other adverse effects of benzodiazepines taken during pregnancy are deviating neurodevelopmental and clinical symptoms including craniofacial anomalies, delayed development of pincer grasp, deviations in muscle tone and pattern of movements. Motor impairments in the babies are impeded for up to 1 year after birth.
The terms 'opioid' and 'opiate' are sometimes used interchangeably, but the term 'opioid' is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain. [4] Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. [5] [6]
If used in pregnancy, those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record, such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide, are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines, such as temazepam [94] or triazolam. Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child. [95]
Nordazepam, like other benzodiazepines, easily crosses the placental barrier, so the drug should not be administered during the first trimester of pregnancy. [9] In case of serious medical reasons, nordazepam can be given in late pregnancy, but the fetus, due to the pharmacological action of the drug, may experience side effects such as ...