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  2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron...

    XPS physics - the photoelectric effect.. Because the energy of an X-ray with particular wavelength is known (for Al K α X-rays, E photon = 1486.7 eV), and because the emitted electrons' kinetic energies are measured, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using the photoelectric effect equation,

  3. X-ray absorption spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_spectroscopy

    The edges are, in part, named by which core electron is excited: the principal quantum numbers n = 1, 2, and 3, correspond to the K-, L-, and M-edges, respectively. [4] For instance, excitation of a 1s electron occurs at the K-edge , while excitation of a 2s or 2p electron occurs at an L-edge (Figure 1).

  4. Electron spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spectroscopy

    Electron spectroscopy refers to a group formed by techniques based on the analysis of the energies of emitted electrons such as photoelectrons and Auger electrons.This group includes X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and Auger ...

  5. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption...

    The oscillatory part of the dipole matrix element is given by (), where the sum is over the sets of neighbors of the absorbing atom, is the number of atoms at distance , is the wavenumber and is proportional to energy, is the thermal vibration factor with being the mean square amplitude of the atom's relative displacements, () is the mean free ...

  6. X-ray spectroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy

    The U.S. management did not want the laboratory to be converted to a manufacturing unit so it decided to set up a commercial unit to further develop the X-ray instrumentation market. In 1953 Norelco Electronics was established in Mount Vernon, NY, dedicated to the sale and support of X-ray instrumentation.

  7. X-ray microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_microscope

    It is a contrast imaging technology using the difference in absorption of soft X-rays in the water window region (wavelengths: 2.34–4.4 nm, energies: 280–530 eV) by the carbon atom (main element composing the living cell) and the oxygen atom (an element of water). Microfocus X-ray also achieves high magnification by projection. A microfocus ...

  8. X-ray absorption near edge structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_absorption_near_edge...

    X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states in the energy region of 50–100 eV above the selected ...

  9. Spectrometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer

    An XPS spectrometer. A spectrometer (/ s p ɛ k ˈ t r ɒ m ɪ t ər /) is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon. Spectrometer is a broad term often used to describe instruments that measure a continuous variable of a phenomenon where the spectral components are somehow mixed.