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Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
Schematic showing traditional CPB next to a P-type and N-type pillar bump. The P- and N-type bumps together make up a P/N couple that, when connected in series electrically, provides for either Peltier cooling or Seebeck power generation. Figure 5 shows a device equipped with a thermal bump. The thermal flow is shown by the arrows labeled ...
A diagram of a thermoelectric cooler. Made with Inkscape and GVim (to shrink the file size somewhat). Date: 11 January 2008: Source: Own work (Original text: self-made, based on CM Cullen (which is GFDL 1.2 and CC-by 2.5 licensed)) Author: Ken Brazier: SVG development
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The Peltier effect can be used to create a heat pump. Notably, the Peltier thermoelectric cooler is a refrigerator that is compact and has no circulating fluid or moving parts. Such refrigerators are useful in applications where their advantages outweigh the disadvantage of their very low efficiency.
The flow of charge carriers between the hot and cold regions in turn creates a voltage difference. In 1834, Jean Charles Athanase Peltier discovered the reverse effect, that running an electric current through the junction of two dissimilar conductors could, depending on the direction of the current, cause it to act as a heater or cooler. [7]
Peltier cooling plates / ˈ p ɛ l t i. eɪ / take advantage of the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two different conductors of electricity by applying an electric current. [9] This effect is commonly used for cooling electronic components and small instruments.
The efficiency of a thermoelectric device for electricity generation is given by , defined as =.. The maximum efficiency of a thermoelectric device is typically described in terms of its device figure of merit where the maximum device efficiency is approximately given by [7] = + ¯ + ¯ +, where is the fixed temperature at the hot junction, is the fixed temperature at the surface being cooled ...