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Gemcitabine is in the nucleoside analog family of medication. [3] It works by blocking the creation of new DNA, which results in cell death. [3] Gemcitabine was patented in 1983 and was approved for medical use in 1995. [7] Generic versions were introduced in Europe in 2009 and in the US in 2010. [8] [9] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential ...
There is a large family of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, because DNA production by reverse transcriptase is very different from normal human DNA replication, so it is possible to design nucleoside analogues that are preferentially incorporated by the former. Some nucleoside analogues, however, can function both as NRTIs ...
Examples: Azathioprine, Thiopurines, and Fludarabine; pyrimidine analogues – mimic the structure of metabolic pyrimidines, the smaller bases incorporated into DNA as cytosine and thymine. Examples: 5-Fluorouracil, Gemcitabine, and Cytarabine; nucleoside analogues – nucleoside alternatives that consist of a nucleic acid analogue and a sugar ...
For example, EGFR inhibitors like gefitinib (Iressa) or erlotinib (Tarceva) are only indicated in patients carrying specific mutations to EGFR. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Germline mutations in drug targets can also influence response to medications, though this is an emerging subfield within pharmacogenomics.
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome ...
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene.Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. [1] [2] In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene.
In biology, a gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Each cassette usually contains a single gene and tends to be very small; on the order of 500–1,000 base pairs. They may exist incorporated into an integron or freely as circular DNA. [1]
A DNA construct is an artificially-designed segment of DNA borne on a vector that can be used to incorporate genetic material into a target tissue or cell. [1] A DNA construct contains a DNA insert, called a transgene , delivered via a transformation vector which allows the insert sequence to be replicated and/or expressed in the target cell.