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Small antennas of any kind are inefficient, but when a full-sized antenna is not practical, making a small loop with a perimeter as close to 1 / 2 wave as possible (although usually no more than 0.3 wave) makes the small loop better for transmitting, although it sacrifices or outright loses the precise "null" direction of smaller small ...
Small loop antennas have very low radiation resistance – typically much smaller than the loss resistance of the wire they are made of, making them inefficient for transmitting. Their directionality and low radiation efficiency is drastically different from full-wave loops.
Moore describes his antenna as "a pulled-open folded dipole". While the main point of Moore's patent was the two-turn single loop design, which is not the antenna termed "quad" today, the patent does include a mention and illustration of a two-element unidirectional "quad", and describes the time when the full wave loop concept was developed:
A folded dipole is, technically, a folded full-wave loop antenna, where the loop has been bent at opposing ends and squashed into two parallel wires in a flat line. Although the broad bandwidth, high feedpoint impedance, and high efficiency are characteristics more similar to a full loop antenna, the folded dipole's radiation pattern is more ...
The two-element design gives modest directivity (about 2.0 dB) with a null towards the rear of the antenna, yielding a high front-to-back ratio: Gain up to 9.7 dBi can be achieved at 28 MHz. [3] Because the placement and size of the parasitic reflector both depend highly on wavelength, each Moxon antenna functions properly on the frequency band ...
AT&T 2 wire rhombic in Dixon, California, in 1937, used for telephone service to Shanghai, China. The rhombic antenna was designed in 1931 by Edmond Bruce [1] and Harald Friis, [2] [3] It was mostly commonly used in the high frequency (HF) or shortwave band as a broadband directional antenna.