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Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines; Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface; Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. Landforms include hills , mountains , canyons , and valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , [ 3 ] including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .
A stack or sea stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion. [1] Stacks are formed over time by wind and water, processes of coastal geomorphology. [2] They are formed when part of a headland is eroded by hydraulic action, which is the force of ...
Fluvial landforms of streams; Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys; Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs (Gorge) Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil; Island – Piece of subcontinental land surrounded by water; Levee § Natural levees
A natural arch, natural bridge, or (less commonly) rock arch is a natural landform where an arch has formed with an opening underneath. Natural arches commonly form where inland cliffs , coastal cliffs , fins or stacks are subject to erosion from the sea, rivers or weathering ( subaerial processes).
A spit may be considered a special form of a shoal. As spits grow, the water behind them is sheltered from wind and waves, and a salt marsh is likely to develop. Dungeness Spit in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, on the U.S. Pacific coast. Wave refraction can occur at the end of a spit, carrying sediment around the end to form a hook or recurved ...
Barrier island contrasted with other coastal landforms. Barrier islands are a coastal landform, a type of dune system and sand island, where an area of sand has been formed by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. [1] They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.
They are created by the wave driven erosion of cliffs along faults and bedding planes in the rock. Geos may have sea caves at their heads. Such sea caves may collapse, extending the geo, or leaving depressions inland from the geo. Geos can also be created from this process. [2]