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Neutrophiles are adapted to live in an environment where the hydrogen ion concentration is at equilibrium. [2] They are sensitive to the concentration, and when the pH become too basic or acidic, the cell's proteins can denature. [4] Depending on the microbe and the pH, the microbe's growth can be slowed or stopped altogether. [5]
People with severe neutropenia, a low neutrophil count, have an increased risk of developing serious infections. One of the approaches to preventing and treating infections in people with neutropenia is to increase the neutrophil count, which is commonly done using drugs like G-CSF to stimulate the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. [6]
Neutrophils are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection, so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially pyogenic infections. [2] Neutrophils are also increased in any acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart attack, [2] other infarct or burns. [2]
Emergency granulopoiesis is a fundamental hematopoietic mechanism activated during acute infections or inflammatory conditions, leading to a swift increase in granulocyte production, especially neutrophils, in the bone marrow. This process is essential for enhancing the innate immune system's capability to confront pathogen invasions effectively.
[1] [2] [4] Once engulfed, the neutrophils must then degrade the captured pathogens–a process known as intracellular killing. [ 1 ] One method of intracellular killing which takes place in the phagolysosomes of neutrophils involves the reaction of myeloperoxidase with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) acquired in the cells from NADPH oxidase ...
The main products of the neutrophil respiratory burst are strong oxidizing agents including hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50–60% of the total circulating leukocytes, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection. [ 5 ]
Neutropenia indicates a deficiency of neutrophils (the most common granulocyte cell) only. [citation needed] To be precise, neutropenia is the term normally used to describe absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) of less than 500 cells per microlitre, whereas agranulocytosis is reserved for cases with ANCs of less than 100 cells per microlitre.
Toxic vacuolation is associated with sepsis, particularly when accompanied by toxic granulation. [4] The finding is also associated with bacterial infection, [3] alcohol toxicity, liver failure, [4] and treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, a cytokine drug used to increase the absolute neutrophil count in patients with neutropenia.