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The Journey of Reconciliation, also [1] called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States. [2] Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week journey that began on April 9, 1947.
Peck, a 46-year-old descendant of the Peck & Peck New York retail family and one of the two Harvard alums on the ride, had participated in CORE'S 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, where he was surprised by the level of tolerance towards integration among drivers and passengers. However, fourteen years later, he faced a hostile group of white men ...
Rustin and Houser organized the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947. This was the first of the Freedom Rides to test the 1946 ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel as unconstitutional.
On April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight white men, including James Peck, their publicity officer, and eight black men, on what was to be a two-week Journey of Reconciliation through Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, to test state’s compliance with the Supreme Court’s decisions regarding segregation within interstate ...
When a veteran of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation attempted to test the state's adherence to the Boynton ruling, they were arrested twice and threaten with violence multiple times. [5] [7] [17] [21] During Gaither's preliminary scout of the route, he had worried that the Riders would be lucky to escape the state with their lives.
Seated at the Bus Shelter dedicated to The Journey of Reconciliation, Chapel Hill, NC, is Roodenko's niece, Amy Zowniriw. The shelter is located near the very spot where her Uncle and 3 other Journey-ers were arrested in 1947. Roodenko is in the photo just above Amy’s outstretched arm.
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James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was an American civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr." [1] He was the initiator and organizer of the first Freedom Ride in 1961, which eventually led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the ...