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Real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure–volume loops provide a framework for understanding cardiac mechanics in experimental animals and humans. Such loops can be generated by real-time measurement of pressure and volume within the left ventricle.
Left ventricular PV loops are considered to be the gold standard for hemodynamic assessment and are widely used in research to evaluate cardiac performance. While it has long been possible to measure pressure in real time from the left ventricle, measuring the volume was technically more difficult.
The stretch on the individual cell, caused by ventricular filling, determines the sarcomere length of the fibres. Therefore the force (pressure) generated by the cardiac muscle fibres is related to the end-diastolic volume of the left and right ventricles as determined by complexities of the force-sarcomere length relationship. [11] [7] [6]
During this phase, pressure continues to fall. The mitral valve and aortic valve are both closed again so volume is constant. At point D pressure falls below the atrial pressure and the mitral valve opens, initiating ventricular filling. DA is the diastolic filling period. Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...
A steady state is formed at the point where the two curves meet. Cardiac function curve in Frank–Starling's law, illustrating stroke volume (SV) as a function of preload The cardiac function curve expresses how systemic flow changes as a function of the central venous pressure; it represents the Frank-Starling mechanism.
Note that, for cardiac function curve, "central venous pressure" is the independent variable and "systemic flow" is the dependent variable; for vascular function curve, the opposite is true. Venous return curves showing the normal curve when the mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) is 7 mm Hg and the effect of altering the Psf to 3.5, 7, or 14 ...
Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension: LVPWd: The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall. 8.3 mm, [20] Range 7 – 11 mm [21] Mean left ventricular myocardial thickness: Mean LVMT: Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level [22]