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  2. Wire gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_gauge

    The current British Standard for metallic materials including wire is BS 6722:1986, which is a solely metric standard, superseding 3737:1964, which used the SWG system. The IEC 60228 , used in most parts of the world, defines standard wire sizes based on their cross-sectional areas as expressed in mm 2 . [ 3 ]

  3. American wire gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge

    The resistance of copper wire is approximately ⁠ 1 Ω / 1000 ft ⁠ for 10 AWG, ⁠ 10 Ω / 1000 ft ⁠ for 20 AWG, ⁠ 100 Ω / 1000 ft ⁠ for 30 AWG, and so on. [ 5 ] : 27 For an arbitrary gauge n , it's approximately 10 n /10 Ω per 10 000 ft .

  4. Circular mil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_mil

    The conversion factor from square mils to circular mils is therefore 4/ π cmil per square mil: 4 π c m i l m i l 2 . {\displaystyle {\rm {{\frac {4}{\pi }}{\frac {cmil}{mil^{2}}}.}}} The formula for the area of an arbitrary circle in circular mils can be derived by applying this conversion factor to the standard formula for the area of a ...

  5. Electrical resistivity and conductivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and...

    The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per metre (S/m). Resistivity and conductivity are intensive properties of materials, giving the opposition of a standard cube of material to current. Electrical resistance and conductance are corresponding extensive properties that give the opposition of a specific object to electric current.

  6. Skin effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect

    A convenient formula (attributed to F.E. Terman) for the diameter D W of a wire of circular cross-section whose resistance will increase by 10% at frequency f is: [7] = / This formula for the increase in AC resistance is accurate only for an isolated wire.

  7. Darcy friction factor formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_friction_factor_formulae

    Churchill equation [24] (1977) is the only equation that can be evaluated for very slow flow (Reynolds number < 1), but the Cheng (2008), [25] and Bellos et al. (2018) [8] equations also return an approximately correct value for friction factor in the laminar flow region (Reynolds number < 2300). All of the others are for transitional and ...

  8. Neher–McGrath method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neher–McGrath_method

    The equation in section 310-15(C) of the National Electrical Code, called the Neher–McGrath equation (NM), may be used to estimate the effective ampacity of a cable: [3] = (+) (+), In the equation, T c {\textstyle T_{c}} is normally the limiting conductor temperature derived from the insulation or tensile strength limitations.

  9. Characteristic impedance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance

    The solutions to the long line transmission equations include incident and reflected portions of the voltage and current: = + + = / + / When the line is terminated with its characteristic impedance, the reflected portions of these equations are reduced to 0 and the solutions to the voltage and current along the transmission line are wholly ...