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For example, resistors, capacitors, and inductors are linear, while diodes and transistors are nonlinear. An I–V curve which is a straight line through the origin with positive slope represents a linear or ohmic resistor, the most common type of resistance encountered in circuits.
No physical current source is ideal. For example, no physical current source can operate when applied to an open circuit. There are two characteristics that define a current source in real life. One is its internal resistance and the other is its compliance voltage. The compliance voltage is the maximum voltage that the current source can ...
In practice, the internal resistance of a battery is dependent on its size, state of charge, chemical properties, age, temperature, and the discharge current. It has an electronic component due to the resistivity of the component materials and an ionic component due to electrochemical factors such as electrolyte conductivity , ion mobility ...
Internal resistance varies with the age of a battery, but for most commercial batteries the internal resistance is on the order of 1 ohm. When there is a current through a cell, the measured e.m.f. is lower than when there is no current delivered by the cell.
In a standard two-transistor current mirror, the output impedance would be the dynamic early resistance of the output transistor, the equivalent of which in this case is . The Wilson current mirror has an output impedance that is higher by the factor β 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\beta }{2}}} , on the order of 50 times.
For example, a transformer with three separate windings has six terminals and could be idealized as a three-port element; the ends of each winding are connected to a pair of terminals representing a port. Elements can also be divided into active and passive: Passive elements – These elements do not have a source of energy; examples are diodes,
The top-most layers of a chip have the thickest and widest and most widely separated metal layers, which make the wires on those layers have the least resistance and smallest RC time constant, so they are used for power and clock distribution networks. The bottom-most metal layers of the chip, closest to the transistors, have thin, narrow ...
An example for a current source is shown in the figure on the right. The current generator and the resistor within the dotted line is the Norton representation of a circuit comprising a real generator and R s {\displaystyle R_{s}} is its internal resistance.