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Before hydraulic technology, cranes and crane-excavators used cable actuators to control movements. Operators would stand all day at the crane controls, pulling large levers to engage the cables. This was difficult, tiring work. The cables were also dangerous when they snapped.
Here, small valves were attached to the original control cables, controlling the flow of oil into an associated actuator connected to the control surface. One of the earliest fittings of a hydraulic boost system was to ailerons on late-war models of the P-38L, removing the need for great human strength to achieve a higher rate of roll. [2]
Gradually Universal Excavators designed by Bucyrus-Erie replaced Ruston & Hornsby designed models. The original range of standardised rope-operated machines included 10RB, 17RB, 19RB, and 33RB and were upgraded through some intermediate models including the 54RB to a main selling range in the 1960s of 22RB, 30RB, 38RB, 61RB, and 71RB.
This control pattern is standardized in J1814 [dubious – discuss]. In the SAE control pattern, the left hand joystick controls Swing (left & right) and the Main Boom (up &down), and the right hand joystick controls the Stick Boom(away & close) and Bucket motions (close & dump). Left hand left = Swing left. Left hand right = Swing right.
Forklift hydraulics are controlled either with levers directly manipulating the hydraulic valves or by electrically controlled actuators, using smaller "finger" levers for control. The latter allows forklift designers more freedom in ergonomic design. Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities.
A servo valve receives pressurized hydraulic fluid from a source, typically a hydraulic pump. It then transfers the fluid to a hydraulic cylinder in a closely controlled manner. Typically, the valve will move the spool proportionnaly to an electrical signal that it receives, indirectly controlling flow rate.