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Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, [16] in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879. [17] His parents, secular Ashkenazi Jews , were Hermann Einstein , a salesman and engineer, and Pauline Koch .
Born in Ulm, Einstein was a German citizen from birth. As he grew older, Einstein's pacifism often clashed with the German Empire's militant views at the time. At the age of 17, Einstein renounced his German citizenship and moved to Switzerland to attend college. The loss of Einstein's citizenship allowed him to avoid service in the military ...
The third Solvay Conference on Physics was held in April 1921, soon after World War I.Most German scientists were barred from attending. In protest at this action, Albert Einstein, although he had renounced German citizenship in 1901 and become a Swiss citizen (in 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901), [3] [4 ...
The reason for this, beyond the rising number of qualifying German nationals who had resided in Switzerland for the twelve years required by Swiss nationality law, was a change in German nationality law which permitted German nationals to hold Swiss-German dual citizenship (while prior to 2007, Germans wishing to be naturalized in Switzerland ...
Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former Nazi Germany to the US for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959; several were confirmed to be former members of the Nazi Party ...
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Some of them were driven to exile (such as Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Magnus Hirschfeld, Walter Mehring, and Arnold Zweig); others were deprived of their citizenship (for example, Ernst Toller and Kurt Tucholsky) or forced into a self-imposed exile from society (e.g., Erich Kästner). For other writers the Nazi persecutions ended in death.
Pamela Anderson – Born and raised in Canada became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2004. [75] Fernanda Andrade; Evelyn Ankers – Became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1946 after growing up between South America and Europe. Ann-Margret - Born in Sweden. Became a U.S. citizen in 1949. Gabrielle Anwar – Became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2008 ...