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The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
In muon-catalyzed fusion there are more fusions because the presence of the muon causes deuterium nuclei to be 207 times closer than in ordinary deuterium gas. [138] But deuterium nuclei inside a palladium lattice are further apart than in deuterium gas, and there should be fewer fusion reactions, not more. [133]
Muonic heavy hydrogen atoms with a negative muon may undergo nuclear fusion in the process of muon-catalyzed fusion, after the muon may leave the new atom to induce fusion in another hydrogen molecule. This process continues until the negative muon is captured by a helium nucleus, where it remains until it decays.
Muon-catalyzed fusion is a fusion process that occurs at ordinary temperatures. It was studied in detail by Steven Jones in the early 1980s. Net energy production from this reaction has been unsuccessful because of the high energy required to create muons , their short 2.2 μs half-life , and the high chance that a muon will bind to the new ...
As of 2007 producing muons required more energy than can be obtained from muon-catalyzed fusion. [ 50 ] Lattice confinement fusion : Lattice confinement fusion ( LCF ) is a type of nuclear fusion in which deuteron -saturated metals are exposed to gamma radiation or ion beams, such as in an IEC fusor , avoiding the confined high-temperature ...
In the mid-1980s, Jones and other BYU scientists worked on what he referred to as Cold Nuclear Fusion in a Scientific American article (the process is currently known as muon-catalyzed fusion to avoid confusion with the cold fusion concept proposed by the University of Utah's Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann). Muon-catalyzed fusion was a ...
When deuterium (hydrogen-2) is bombarded with deuterium, the fusion reaction yields either tritium (hydrogen-3) plus a proton or helium-3 plus a neutron (2 H + 2 H → 3 H + p or 3 He + n). This is one of the most basic fusion reactions, and the foundation of the thermonuclear weapon and the current research on controlled nuclear fusion.
Penning fusion (PFX, LANL) Plasma jets (HyperV, Chantilly) Magnetized target fusion with mechanical compression (General Fusion, Burnaby) Field-reversed colliding beams (Tri-Alpha) Muon-catalyzed fusion (Berkeley, Alvarez) Dense Plasma Focus (Focus fusion, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Lerner) Rotating lithium wall (RWE, Maryland)