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The main function of nRTKs is their involvement in signal transduction in activated T-and B-cells in the immune system. [1] Signaling by many receptors is dependent on nRTKs including T-cell receptors ( TCR ), B-cell receptors ( BCR ), IL-2 receptors ( IL-2R ), Ig receptors, erythropoietin ( EpoR ) and prolactin receptors .
They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune system response by signaling between its cells. Lymphokines have many roles, including the attraction of other immune cells, including macrophages and other lymphocytes, to an infected site and their subsequent activation to prepare them to mount an immune response.
[3] [4] They act through cell surface receptors and are especially important in the immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ...
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
Since cytokines are substances produced by immune cells that can alter the activity of neighbouring cells, the effects of JAK-STAT signalling are often more highly seen in cells of the immune system. For example, JAK3 activation in response to IL-2 is vital for lymphocyte development and function. [21] Also, one study indicates that JAK1 is ...
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. [40] It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related. [41]
ITAMs are important for signal transduction, mainly in immune cells. They are found in the cytoplasmic tails of non-catalytic tyrosine- phosphorylated receptors [ 7 ] such as the CD3 and ζ-chains of the T cell receptor complex, the CD79 -alpha and -beta chains of the B cell receptor complex, and certain Fc receptors .
Tec kinase plays a role in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway of macrophages that produces pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. [7] [10] Btk has an important function in this pathway, as it has been observed to bind to TLR4, MyD88, and IRAK-1 signaling proteins. Tec kinase is likely involved in the same manner in macrophages ...