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Meso-zeaxanthin, lutein, and 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids in the macula lutea, found in a ratio of 1:1:1, and are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP). [3] Meso-zeaxanthin is concentrated at the epicentre of the macula, where it accounts for around 50% of MP at this location, with lutein dominating the peripheral macula.
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle.Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji (wolfberries), and many other plants and microbes their characteristic color.
[46] [needs update] Including lutein and zeaxanthin supplements in with a multivitamin does not improve progression of macular degeneration. [46] The need for high-quality studies looking at the safety of taking multivitamins has been highlighted. [46] According to the Harvard School of Public Health: "... many people don't eat the healthiest ...
Lutein (/ ˈ lj uː t i ɪ n,-t iː n /; [2] from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids.Lutein is synthesized only by plants, and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots.
In plants, the xanthophyll lutein is the most abundant carotenoid and its role in preventing age-related eye disease is currently under investigation. [5] Lutein and the other carotenoid pigments found in mature leaves are often not obvious because of the masking presence of chlorophyll. When chlorophyll is not present, as in autumn foliage ...
[1] [2]: 540 [3]: 681 Carotenoids are lipid-soluble compounds that include alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The primary serum carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. Serum levels of carotenoids vary between region, ethnicity, and sex in the healthy population.