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Vernier caliper scales; main at top, vernier at bottom. It reads 3.58 ± 0.02 mm by adding 3.00 mm (left red mark) on the fixed main scale to vernier 0.58 mm (right red mark). The main scale reading is that to the left of the zero on the vernier scale. The vernier reading is found by locating the best aligned lines between the two scales.
The earliest caliper has been found in the Greek Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The ship's find dates to the 6th century BC. The wooden piece already featured a fixed and a movable jaw. [4] [5] Although rare finds, calipers remained in use by the Greeks and Romans. [5] [6]
A metre ruler may have graduations at 1 mm division scale spacing or interval. A vernier scale on a caliper may have a least count of 0.1 mm while a micrometer may have a least count of 0.01 mm or 10 microns.
[4] [5] Vernier acuity was first explained by Ewald Hering in 1899, [6] based on earlier data by Alfred Volkmann in 1863 [7] and results by Ernst Anton Wülfing in 1892. [ 8 ] Vernier acuity is resistant to defocus, motion, and luminance , but is subject to practice effects and changes in attention . [ 3 ]
The main scale reading is the rightmost graduation that is to the left of the zero on the vernier scale. The vernier reading is found by locating the best aligned lines between the two scales. The 0.02 mm engraving indicates the caliper's accuracy and is the "Vernier constant" for this scale. He was born in Ornans, France, in 1580. He was ...
The complete "rotation" of the caliper around the polygon detects all antipodal pairs; the set of all pairs, viewed as a graph, forms a thrackle. The method of rotating calipers can be interpreted as the projective dual of a sweep line algorithm in which the sweep is across slopes of lines rather than across x - or y -coordinates of points.