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Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given the diversity of functions performed in different parts of the nervous system, there is a wide variety in their shape, size, and electrochemical properties.
The soma of a neuron (i.e., the main part of the neuron in which the dendrites branch off of) contains many organelles, including granules called Nissl granules, which are composed largely of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free polyribosomes. [5] The cell nucleus is a key feature of the soma.
Human nervous system – the part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. The human nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord.
Glial stem cells are found in all parts of the adult brain. [1] Glial cells greatly outnumber neurons and apart from their supporting role to neurons, glia – astrocytes in particular have been acknowledged as being able to communicate with neurons involving a signalling process similar to neurotransmission called gliotransmission. [4]
[6] [7] One function of the initial segment is to separate the main part of an axon from the rest of the neuron; another function is to help initiate action potentials. [8] Both of these functions support neuron cell polarity , in which dendrites (and, in some cases the soma ) of a neuron receive input signals at the basal region, and at the ...
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.The nervous system regulates and controls body functions and activity. It consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves.
A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior all by itself. [ 11 ] : 112 Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species—the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse , used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of ...
Ramón y Cajal was also the first person to propose the physiological role of increasing the receptive surface area of the neuron. The greater the pyramidal cell's surface area, the greater the neuron's ability to process and integrate large amounts of information. Dendritic spines are absent on the soma, while the number increases away from it ...