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Stonebrood (aspergillosis larvae apium) is a fungal disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. It causes mummification of the brood of a honey bee colony. The fungi are common soil inhabitants and are also pathogenic to other insects, birds, and mammals. The disease is difficult to identify in the early stages of infection.
American foulbrood (AFB, Histolysis infectiosa perniciosa larvae apium, Pestis americana larvae apium), caused by the spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, [a] is a highly infectious honey bee brood disease. It is the most widespread and destructive of the honey bee brood diseases. It is globally distributed and burning of infected ...
Sacbrood virus or SBV disease is an infectious disease caused by the Morator aetatulas virus that affects honey bee larvae. When sick, the colony declines gradually with few or no replacement workers, costing 20-80% of honey production.
Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a positive-strand [1] RNA virus, one of 22 known viruses affecting honey bees.While most commonly infecting the honey bee, Apis mellifera, it has also been documented in other bee species, like Bombus terrestris, [2] thus, indicating it may have a wider host specificity than previously anticipated.
Nosema apis is a microsporidian, a small, unicellular parasite recently reclassified as a fungus that mainly affects honey bees.It causes nosemosis, also called nosema, which is the most common and widespread of adult honey bee diseases. [1]
Varroa destructor, the Varroa mite, is an external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on honey bees and is one of the most damaging honey bee pests in the world. [2] [3] A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring.
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Chronic bee paralysis virus infection is a factor that can contribute to or cause the sudden collapse of honeybee colonies. [2] Since honeybees serve a vital role in ecological resilience, it is important to understand factors and diseases that threaten them.