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Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs.The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absorbed by the body or has superior pharmacokinetics (e.g., lisdexamphetamine).
These neurosteroids exert inhibitory actions on neurotransmission.They act as positive allosteric modulators of the GABA A receptor (especially δ subunit-containing isoforms), and possess, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding, [10] prosocial, [11] antiaggressive, [12] prosexual, [11] sedative, pro-sleep, [13] cognitive and memory-impairing, [citation ...
Drug delivery to the brain is the process of passing therapeutically active molecules across the blood–brain barrier into the brain. This is a complex process that must take into account the complex anatomy of the brain as well as the restrictions imposed by the special junctions of the blood–brain barrier.
l-DOPA is produced from the amino acid l-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. l-DOPA can act as an l-tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of l-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins in vitro and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic l-DOPA administration. [10]
The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, [4] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. [5]
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...
ADHD medication tied to 19% lower death risk. An observational study conducted in Sweden, whose results appeared in JAMA in March 2024, further emphasized the positive impact of ADHD medication on ...
Besides the preceding metabolites, selegiline-N-oxide and formaldehyde are also known to be formed. [28] More than 40 minor metabolites of selegiline have been either detected or proposed. [28] Due to the amphetamine metabolites of selegiline, people taking selegiline may test positive for "amphetamine" or "methamphetamine" on drug screening tests.