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1923 – Edwin Hubble resolves the Shapley–Curtis debate by finding Cepheids in the Andromeda Galaxy, definitively proving that there are other galaxies beyond the Milky Way. 1930 – Robert Trumpler uses open cluster observations to quantify the absorption of light by interstellar dust in the galactic plane ; this absorption had plagued ...
Later in the 1920s, Edwin Hubble showed that Andromeda was far outside the Milky Way by measuring Cepheid variable stars, proving that Curtis was correct. [6] It is now known that the Milky Way is only one of as many as an estimated 200 billion (2 × 10 11) [7] to 2 trillion (2 × 10 12) or more galaxies in the observable Universe.
Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P. Hubble Planetarium, located in the Edward R. Murrow High School, Brooklyn, New York; [58] Edwin Hubble Highway, the stretch of Interstate 44 passing through his birthplace of Marshfield, Missouri; [59] Hubble Middle School, a public school in Wheaton, Illinois, where he lived from 11 years old and up. [60]
1922 – Alexander Friedmann finds a solution to the Einstein field equations which suggests a general expansion of space. 1923 – Edwin Hubble measures distances to a few nearby spiral nebulae (galaxies), the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), Triangulum Galaxy (M33), and NGC 6822. The distances place them far outside the Milky Way, and implies that ...
It was here, 100 years ago, that Edwin Hubble noted a light in the distance that would lead to one of science's greatest discoveries. By night, astronomers kept watch at the best telescopes on Earth.
In 1927, by combining various measurements, including Hubble's distance measurements and Vesto Slipher's determinations of redshifts for these objects, Georges Lemaître was the first to estimate a constant of proportionality between galaxies' distances and what was termed their "recessional velocities", finding a value of about 600 km/s/Mpc.
Hubble's idea allowed for two opposing hypotheses to be suggested. One was Lemaître's Big Bang, advocated and developed by George Gamow. The other model was Fred Hoyle's Steady State theory, in which new matter would be created as the galaxies moved away from each other. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time.
A galaxy's recessional velocity is typically determined by measuring its redshift, a shift in the frequency of light emitted by the galaxy. The discovery of Hubble's law is attributed to work published by Edwin Hubble in 1929, [2] [3] [4] but the notion of the universe expanding at a calculable rate was first derived from general relativity ...