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Ureteroscopy is an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with a ureteroscope that is passed through the urethra and the bladder, and then directly into the ureter. [1] The procedure is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders such as kidney stones and urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. [ 1 ]
These effects are generally temporary and disappear with the removal of the stent. Drugs used for the treatment of OAB (over active bladder) are sometimes given to reduce or eliminate the increased urgency and frequency of urination caused by the presence of the stent. [citation needed]
The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. [30] This was improved on by VF Marshall who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on fiber optics, which occurred in 1964. [30]
These advantages are especially apparent with stones greater than 10 mm (0.4 in) in diameter. However, because ureteroscopy of the upper ureter is much more challenging than ESWL, many urologists still prefer to use ESWL as a first-line treatment for stones of less than 10 mm, and ureteroscopy for those greater than 10 mm in diameter. [85]
Radiotherapy had been identified as a modality of treatment of several cancers in the pelvis and the abdomen which may lead to ureteric stricture formation among other urological adverse effects too such as radiation induced cystitis. Among those cancers are; /colon and Anorectal cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and prostate cancer.
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Ureter cancer rarely causes problems in the early stages, but as the cancer progresses, there are often side effects. [5] Symptoms of ureteral cancer may include "blood in the urine (); diminished urine stream and straining to void (caused by urethral stricture); frequent urination and increased nighttime urination (); hardening of tissue in the perineum, labia, or penis; itching; incontinence ...