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The Nile river is the only water source for most of Egypt, including its capital Cairo shown here. Egypt's main source of freshwater is the Nile River. The river supplies 55 billion m 3 of freshwater every year, which represents 97% of all renewable water resources in Egypt. [5] Overall, the Nile River constitutes about 90% Egypt's water supply.
The 1959 Nile waters treaty between Egypt and Sudan allocates 55.5 billion cubic meter of water per year to Egypt, without specifying any allocation for upstream riparians besides Sudan (18.5 billion cubic meters per year). Actual water use by Egypt is widely believed to be in excess of the allocation under the 1959 agreement.
Egypt's fresh water is mainly derived from underground water. Underground water results in 95% of Egyptian's desert land. Egypt is also dependent on rainwater but it is a scarce and limiting source for agricultural development. In addition, Egypt refuses agricultural drainage water in correlation with Nile water for irrigation. [2]
Further, Egypt is already dependent on virtual water imports, a strategy which may lead that country to attempt future water conflicts. [4] Ethiopia's tributaries supply about 86 percent of the waters of the Nile. Over the years, the involved states have put agreements and treaties into place so that conflict can be controlled.
The history of water supply and sanitation is one of a logistical challenge to provide clean water and sanitation systems since the dawn of civilization. Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely. Astronaut Jack Lousma taking a shower in space, 1974
The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis is a fringe claim, contending that the Great Sphinx of Giza and its enclosing walls show erosion consistent with precipitation. Its proponents believe this dates the construction of the Sphinx to Predynastic Egypt or earlier.
The Nile delta at the time of Herodotus, according to James Rennell (corresponding to the Phatnitic, to the east) and the Rashid (corresponding to notably the Nile, have provided water, transportation, and defense to Egypt for thousands of years. There is only one year-round river in Egypt, the Nile.
The Aswan Dam, or Aswan High Dam, is one of the world's largest embankment dams, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970.When it was completed, it was the tallest earthen dam in the world, surpassing the Chatuge Dam in the United States. [2]