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However the extent of pneumaticity depends on species. For example it is slight in diving birds, loons lack pneumatic bones at all. [3] [4] Postcranial pneumatization is rarer outside of Archosauria. Examples include the hyoid in howler monkeys Alouatta, and the dorsal vertebrae in the osteoglossiform fish Pantodon. [5]
Pneumatics (from Greek πνεῦμα pneuma 'wind, breath') is the use of gas or pressurized air in mechanical systems. Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically-powered compressor powers cylinders, air motors, pneumatic actuators, and other ...
The relationship between force and extension in PAMs mirrors what is seen in the length-tension relationship in biological muscle systems. The compressibility of the gas is also an advantage since it adds compliance. As with other pneumatic systems PAM actuators usually need electric valves and a compressed air generator.
Diagram showing the general layout of air sacs in a bird. Birds have a system of air sacs in their ventilation system. [2] The air sacs work to produce a unidirectional flow where air enters and exits the lung at the same rate, contrasting the lungs of other tetrapods such as mammals where air enters and exits the lung in a tidal ventilation.
Explanation of the levels in the human body; defines the column labels in the next table. Level Definition Organ systems: A biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Organ sub-systems A biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform just one function.
The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue. The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body.
Nation's Worst Cold Outbreak. Adding an exclamation point to a two-week siege widely considered the nation's worst, most prolific cold outbreak, a Blue Norther plowed through the Plains on Feb. 10 ...
An easy to understand example is a traumatic pneumothorax, where air enters the pleural space from outside the body, as occurs with puncture to the chest wall. Similarly, scuba divers ascending while holding their breath with their lungs fully inflated can cause air sacs ( alveoli ) to burst and leak high pressure air into the pleural space.