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Hypopigmented sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by areas of hypopigmented skin. It is usually diagnosed in darkly pigmented races and may be the earliest sign of sarcoidosis. [2]: 709 Papular sarcoid is a cutaneous condition characterized by papules, which are the most common morphology of cutaneous sarcoidosis. [2]: 708
Sarcoidosis involves the skin in between 9 and 37% of cases and is more common in African Americans than in European Americans. [28] The skin is the second-most commonly affected organ after the lungs. [33] The most common lesions are erythema nodosum, plaques, maculopapular eruptions, subcutaneous nodules, and lupus pernio. [33]
The generally acknowledged theory proposes that a complex interplay among genetic predisposition, immunological dysregulation, and environmental factors leads to sarcoidosis. [3] It is believed that an augmented cell-mediated immune response to one or more undiscovered antigens is the cause of the granulomatous inflammation. [ 6 ]
Other symptoms due to sarcoidosis of other organs may be uveitis (inflammation of the uveal layer in the eye), dyspnoea (shortness of breath), arthralgia (joint pains), lupus pernio (a red skin rash, usually of the face), erythema nodosum (red skin lumps, usually on the shins), and symptoms of liver involvement or heart involvement (heart failure).
Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin is a cutaneous condition characterized by a persistent papular and plaque-like skin eruption which can occur on the neck, face and back and may re-occur. This is an uncommon skin disease and is a benign collection of lymph cells. Its cause is not known and can be hereditary.
Löfgren syndrome is a type of acute sarcoidosis, [1] an inflammatory disorder characterized by swollen lymph nodes in the chest, tender red nodules on the shins, fever and arthritis. [2] It is more common in women than men, and is more frequent in those of Scandinavian , Irish , African and Puerto Rican heritage.
Discoid lupus erythematosus is the most common type of chronic cutaneous lupus (CCLE), an autoimmune skin condition on the lupus erythematosus spectrum of illnesses. [1] [2] It presents with red, painful, inflamed and coin-shaped patches of skin with a scaly and crusty appearance, most often on the scalp, cheeks, and ears.
In the United States, sarcoidosis has a prevalence of approximately 10 cases per 100,000 whites and 36 cases per 100,000 blacks. [4] Heerfordt syndrome is present in 4.1 to 5.6% of those with sarcoidosis.