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A dough with very high hydration. In a recipe, the baker's percentage for water is referred to as the "hydration"; it is indicative of the stickiness of the dough and the "crumb" of the bread. Lower hydration rates (e.g., 50–57%) are typical for bagels and pretzels, and medium hydration levels (58–65%) are typical for breads and rolls. [25]
For example, in the United States, beef fat may be added to hamburger but not to ground beef if the meat is ground and packaged at a USDA-inspected plant. [note 1] In the U.S., a maximum of 30% fat by weight is allowed in either hamburger or ground beef. The allowable amount in France is 5 to 20% (15% being used by most food chains).
Straight dough is a single-mix process of making bread. The dough is made from all fresh ingredients, and they are all placed together and combined in one kneading or mixing session. After mixing, a bulk fermentation [1] rest of about 1 hour or longer occurs before division. [2] It is also called the direct dough method. [3] [4]
Much of the history of the baguette is speculation; [7]: 35 however, some facts can be established. Long, stick-like breads in France became more popular during the 18th century, [7]: 5 French bakers started using "gruau," a highly refined Hungarian high-milled flour in the early 19th century, [7]: 13 Viennese steam oven baking was introduced to Paris in 1839 by August Zang, [7]: 12 and the ...
The ideal temperature of the dough should be around 19 °C (66 °F), to best hydrate the ingredients. [32] In comparison to the mixing of bread dough ingredients, pastry predough is considered underdeveloped in that mixing is stopped as soon as the dough appears homogeneous, to allow for further dough development in the next step. [31]
Non-fat milk, also labeled "fat-free milk" or "skim milk", contains less than 0.5% fat; Low-fat milk is 1% fat; Reduced-fat milk is 2% fat; Whole milk contains at least 3.25% fat; Cheeses. Dry curd and nonfat cottage cheese contain less than 0.5% fat; Lowfat cottage cheese contains 0.5–2% fat; Cottage cheese contains at least 4% fat
[19] [20] [21] When cooling a levain or sourdough pre-ferment, if the dough temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F) it affects the culture and leads to the loss of a particular aroma in the baked bread.
In the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle writes: "One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt several thousand years earlier", [3] and "Bread production relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent for most ...